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Surgeons of Horror

~ Dissecting horror films

Surgeons of Horror

Tag Archives: Stephen King

THE CARRIE EFFECT: HOW ONE BULLIED GIRL BECAME AN ICON OF HORROR

21 Wednesday Oct 2026

Posted by surgeons of horror in Uncategorized

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carrie, Stephen King

From Stephen King’s debut novel to one of horror cinema’s defining images, Carrie White became more than a character. She became a cultural shorthand for humiliation, adolescence, female rage and the terrifying consequences of being pushed too far.

There are few images in horror as immediately recognisable as a young woman standing beneath the harsh lights of a school gymnasium, her pale prom dress transformed into a blood-red shroud. The smile has vanished. The dream of acceptance has collapsed. Around her, a night intended to celebrate youth has become a tableau of terror, and the girl whom her classmates once considered an object of ridicule has become something they can no longer control.

Even for those who have never read Stephen King’s Carrie or watched Brian De Palma’s celebrated 1976 adaptation, the image retains its power. The blood-soaked prom dress has become a shorthand for teenage humiliation, female rage and revenge unleashed. It circulates through Halloween costumes, parodies, homages and popular references, often detached from the story that gave it meaning.

Yet the cultural endurance of Carrie White raises an uncomfortable question. Have we truly understood her tragedy, or have we gradually transformed it into a more palatable fantasy of the bullied outsider finally getting even?

First published in 1974, King’s debut novel introduced a young woman whose supernatural abilities become inseparable from the abuse, ignorance and cruelty surrounding her. The subsequent film adaptation turned that premise into a landmark of American horror cinema, helping establish both King and De Palma as major creative forces. Almost five decades later, Carrie remains a figure to whom filmmakers and audiences continue to return.

But the character’s longevity cannot be explained by telekinesis, a bucket of pig’s blood or the spectacular destruction of a school prom alone. Carrie endures because the horror begins somewhere painfully ordinary: with the need to belong, the fear of being exposed and the social cruelty that flourishes when everybody assumes somebody else will intervene.

The blood may be the image we remember. The world that produces it is the real subject.

Before the Blood Became Iconic

When Carrie arrived in 1974, Stephen King was a schoolteacher attempting to establish himself as a novelist. The book would become the starting point of one of modern horror’s most influential literary careers, but its central anxieties were already recognisable beyond the conventions of supernatural fiction. King’s heroine is a high-school outsider, raised in a repressive religious household and subjected to relentless cruelty by her peers. Her telekinetic powers offer a fantastic mechanism through which the pressures of her environment can become physically, catastrophically real.

The novel’s construction is important to its lasting effect. Rather than relying solely on a straightforward account of Carrie’s life, King incorporates documents, testimonies and retrospective accounts that frame the catastrophe as something society must subsequently investigate and explain. The narrative repeatedly invites us to consider what happened, how it happened and whether the disaster could have been prevented. Carrie is not simply a monster appearing without warning. She is the centre of an event whose causes are distributed across a community.

That distinction complicates the familiar revenge narrative. Carrie’s suffering is real, but her eventual violence does not emerge from a moral vacuum in which every victimised person is entitled to retaliate. The novel is interested in the relationship between individual pain and collective responsibility. It asks what happens when a vulnerable young person is denied the knowledge, affection and social protection that might have helped her navigate the world.

Carrie’s first encounter with menstruation is particularly revealing. What should be a manageable biological milestone becomes a terrifying spectacle because she has been deprived of basic information about her own body. Her classmates respond with cruelty rather than compassion, while the authority figures who might help her are absent, ineffective or implicated in the wider failure.

The supernatural is not separate from this social horror. It intensifies it. Carrie’s body becomes the site where shame, repression and power converge, and her telekinesis gives physical expression to feelings that she has never been permitted to understand or articulate.

King’s achievement lies partly in making the extraordinary an extension of the ordinary. The reader does not need to believe in telekinesis to recognise the terror of being publicly humiliated, the desperation of wanting acceptance or the damage inflicted by an adult who mistakes control for care.

Before Carrie became an icon, she was a girl who did not know how to inhabit her own life. Her tragedy begins with that deprivation, not with the destruction that eventually follows.

The Outsider Who Became Everybody’s Nightmare

The outsider is a familiar figure in horror. The genre repeatedly returns to characters whose differences make them vulnerable to persecution: the misunderstood creature, the isolated adolescent, the stranger whose appearance or behaviour violates the community’s expectations. These figures can expose the hypocrisy of apparently respectable societies, revealing that the so-called monsters are often created by the people who fear them.

Carrie belongs firmly within this tradition, but her position is unusually unstable. She is not merely an outsider whose innocence is vindicated when the world finally recognises her humanity. Nor is she a conventional villain whose evil explains everything that happens to her. Her character exists within the uncomfortable space between victimhood and culpability.

At school, Carrie is subjected to humiliation that is both personal and collective. Individual acts of cruelty become part of a broader social order in which ridicule establishes status and empathy risks making the empathetic person a target. Her classmates do not all participate in precisely the same way, but the culture of the school makes her suffering possible. Some torment her directly; others watch, laugh, remain silent or discover too late that their own discomfort has never been sufficient to make them intervene.

This is one of the story’s most enduring observations about bullying. Cruelty rarely depends exclusively on the person who initiates it. It also depends on the audience that rewards it, the institutions that fail to stop it and the assumptions that allow it to continue.

The audience, meanwhile, is placed in a difficult position. We understand why Carrie longs for acceptance. We recognise the injustice of her treatment. We may even feel a surge of satisfaction when those who have tormented her begin to experience consequences. The story deliberately draws upon the appeal of reversal: the powerless suddenly possesses extraordinary power, and the social hierarchy that once seemed invulnerable is violently overturned.

But catharsis has its limits.

The prom massacre does not undo the humiliation Carrie has endured. It does not restore her childhood, repair her relationship with her mother or create the possibility of a healthy future. The destruction is not a cure for the damage that precedes it. It is the point at which that damage becomes irreversible.

To remember Carrie only as the girl who finally made her bullies pay is to transform tragedy into a revenge fantasy. It gives us the satisfaction of imagining that cruelty can be answered with a decisive act of retaliation, while allowing us to overlook the terrible cost of that answer.

Carrie’s power makes her terrifying. Her circumstances make her tragic. The story requires us to hold both truths together.

From Novel to Nightmare: The De Palma Effect

If King gave Carrie her literary life, Brian De Palma made her an enduring cinematic image.

Released in 1976, Carrie arrived at a moment when American horror was exploring increasingly confrontational forms of violence, sexuality and social anxiety. De Palma brought his own flamboyant visual sensibility to King’s novel, using split screens, subjective camerawork, carefully controlled colour and Pino Donaggio’s evocative score to turn the story into something both lyrical and grotesque.

Sissy Spacek’s performance remains central to the film’s achievement. Her Carrie is physically withdrawn, awkward and intensely watchful, a young woman whose movements suggest someone who has learned to occupy as little space as possible. Spacek makes her vulnerability palpable without reducing her to a passive object of pity. Beneath the timidity is an emotional life that the people around her cannot, or will not, acknowledge.

Piper Laurie’s Margaret White provides a different but equally disturbing form of repression. Her religious fanaticism transforms ordinary experiences into evidence of sin, making Carrie’s developing sexuality a source of fear and punishment. Margaret’s belief system does not simply isolate her daughter from the world; it teaches Carrie to fear the very body through which she must encounter it.

The film’s opening shower-room sequence establishes this conflict with brutal efficiency. Carrie’s first period is accompanied by panic, confusion and the jeering of her classmates. The incident becomes a concentrated expression of the story’s wider violence: the body is exposed, the community responds with cruelty, and the vulnerable person is left to make sense of an experience for which nobody has prepared her.

De Palma then builds towards the prom, a setting that promises social acceptance while concealing the machinery of humiliation. Carrie has been given a chance to imagine another version of herself, one in which she might be desired, admired and welcomed. For a brief moment, that possibility appears genuine. The horror of the blood is inseparable from the destruction of the hope that precedes it.

The scene’s power lies in its transformation of a familiar teenage ritual into a public execution of dignity. The blood does not merely reveal a prank. It makes Carrie’s humiliation impossible to ignore, turning the entire room into a witness to the collapse of her carefully constructed hope.

When Carrie retaliates, De Palma shifts the scene from cruel spectacle to nightmare. The camera, editing and sound turn the gymnasium into a space in which movement becomes unpredictable and the architecture itself seems to participate in the violence. The sequence is frightening not simply because people die, but because the social world that appeared so stable moments earlier is revealed to be dangerously fragile.

The film’s impact was substantial. It became a commercial success, earned Academy Award nominations for Spacek and Laurie, and helped establish King’s work as fertile ground for cinema. In 2022, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, recognised for its cultural, historical or aesthetic significance. The British Film Institute has likewise discussed its influence on subsequent teen-focused horror and comedy. https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/carrie-films-influenced-brian-de-palma-sissy-spacek

De Palma did more than adapt a popular novel. He created a visual language through which audiences would continue to remember Carrie. The blood-soaked dress, the ecstatic anticipation of the prom and the sudden transformation of celebration into carnage became inseparable from the character herself.

The cinematic image would eventually become so powerful that it threatened to eclipse the tragedy beneath it.

Blood on the Dress, Blood in the Culture

An iconic image has a peculiar life of its own. It can outlast the work that created it, moving into popular culture until recognition no longer requires familiarity with the original story. Carrie’s blood-soaked appearance is a perfect example. The dress communicates horror immediately. It suggests a catastrophe, a violated innocence and a transformation from vulnerability to menace. It is visually legible even when stripped of narrative context.

This is part of what makes Carrie such an enduring Halloween figure. The costume is instantly identifiable, and the image carries a deliciously transgressive quality: the prom queen has become a nightmare, the symbol of adolescent aspiration has been drenched in the physical evidence of its destruction. It is theatrical, grotesque and darkly funny when reproduced as a seasonal costume or comic reference.

Yet the more familiar the image becomes, the easier it is to forget what it represents.

The blood-soaked dress can be treated as a badge of revenge, a visual declaration that the bullied outsider has finally reclaimed her power. In this version, the audience is encouraged to identify with Carrie’s transformation, as though the destruction of the prom were the ultimate answer to years of humiliation. The image becomes an emblem of retaliation, detached from the devastating consequences that make the original story a tragedy.

This is not necessarily a failure of popular culture. Parody, homage and reinterpretation are part of how stories remain alive. The problem arises when the icon becomes a substitute for the character, and the moment of violence becomes more memorable than the conditions that made it possible.

Carrie’s story is not simply about a girl who gets revenge. It is about a society that can recognise cruelty only after it has become impossible to contain. The prom is not merely the setting for a spectacular massacre; it is the final expression of a social order that has repeatedly turned Carrie’s vulnerability into entertainment.

When we reproduce the blood without remembering the girl, we risk repeating the logic of the classmates who treated her suffering as a spectacle.

The cultural afterlife of Carrie therefore contains its own contradiction. The character has become famous partly because of the humiliation inflicted upon her, while the wider culture continues to consume that humiliation as an image of empowerment. The girl who was once mocked by an audience within the story is now the centre of an image enjoyed by audiences outside it.

The irony is difficult to ignore. Carrie has become unforgettable, but what exactly are we remembering?

The Revenge Fantasy — and Its Complications

Horror has always offered audiences a space in which social resentments can be dramatised, displaced and occasionally avenged. The genre’s monsters often embody anxieties that polite society would rather suppress, while its victims expose the vulnerabilities beneath respectable appearances. Carrie brings these impulses together with unusual force because her capacity for violence emerges from a recognisable history of abuse.

There is an understandable appeal in watching the powerless acquire the means to resist those who have tormented them. The school’s social hierarchy seems immutable until Carrie’s powers reveal how quickly the balance can change. Those who once controlled the terms of her existence suddenly discover that they are vulnerable themselves.

But the satisfaction of reversal is not the same as justice.

Justice would require the cruelty to be recognised, the people responsible to be held accountable and the conditions that enabled the abuse to be challenged. Carrie’s destruction offers none of these things. Her classmates do not learn a lesson that can repair what has happened; the school cannot be transformed by the deaths of its students; and Carrie herself is not liberated from her suffering. The violence consumes the very possibility of a future.

The story is more disturbing than a conventional revenge narrative because it does not allow us to imagine that power alone can resolve the problem. Carrie’s telekinesis gives her the capacity to make others feel fear, but it cannot give her the emotional security, understanding or connection she has been denied. Her power is extraordinary, but the wound it answers is profoundly human.

Nor does the story absolve Carrie of responsibility simply because she has been victimised. To acknowledge the cruelty she experiences is not to claim that every consequence of her retaliation is justified. The tragedy depends on the distinction between understanding how someone reaches a breaking point and pretending that what follows is therefore acceptable.

This is where the story resists easy moral categorisation. Carrie deserves sympathy, but the people caught in the destruction are not all interchangeable embodiments of the cruelty she has endured. The horror becomes morally complicated precisely because the violence exceeds any clean accounting of guilt and punishment.

The revenge fantasy asks us to imagine what would happen if the bullied could finally strike back. Carrie asks the more uncomfortable question: what if the world waits until retaliation becomes catastrophic before it takes the suffering seriously?

That question has not lost its relevance. If anything, contemporary culture has made it more urgent.

A Story That Keeps Finding New Bullies

The mechanisms of humiliation have changed considerably since Carrie first appeared. School corridors and locker rooms now exist alongside social media platforms, group chats, anonymous accounts and the permanent circulation of embarrassing images. Public shaming can extend beyond the school day, follow a young person into their home and reach audiences that would once have been unimaginable.

The technology is different, but the social dynamics are familiar. A vulnerable person becomes the subject of ridicule. An audience gathers. Cruelty becomes entertainment, and the people participating can convince themselves that their individual contribution is insignificant. The victim is left to bear the cumulative weight of actions that each participant may regard as trivial.

Carrie’s story anticipated the emotional logic of this environment, even if it could not anticipate its technology. Her humiliation is magnified by the presence of an audience, and the desire to be accepted makes her especially vulnerable to the promise of a place within the group. What destroys her is not simply the cruelty of individual classmates, but the collapse of the hope that the community might offer something other than rejection.

This is one reason the story remains adaptable. Each generation can recognise a different version of the same underlying problem. The details of adolescence shift; the pressures of conformity, the fear of exposure and the cruelty of social exclusion remain stubbornly familiar.

Mike Flanagan’s 2026 adaptation returns directly to these contemporary anxieties, reimagining Carrie for a world in which public humiliation and curated identity are inseparable from digital life. Its expansion of the narrative also demonstrates how difficult it is to approach Carrie without renegotiating the balance between empathy, power and tragedy. My assessment of the series, Carrie Reborn: The Girl, the Blood and the Burden of Empathy, explores the strengths of this modernisation alongside my reservations about the changes to Carrie’s ultimate fate.

What matters here is not whether every adaptation should preserve the same events. Reinterpretation is part of the cultural life of a story. Rather, each new version reveals something about what its creators believe audiences need from Carrie. Should she remain a figure of tragic inevitability? Can she be rescued from the consequences of her own violence? Is the story ultimately about the danger of leaving a vulnerable person unsupported, or about the possibility of redemption after catastrophe?

These are not merely questions of plot. They reveal how each generation understands victimhood, responsibility and the relationship between suffering and violence.

Carrie endures because the world keeps supplying new contexts in which her story can be understood. Yet relevance should not be confused with comfort. The most valuable adaptations are not necessarily those that make Carrie easier to embrace, but those that preserve the discomfort of her contradictions.

The Girl Beneath the Icon

The difficulty with cultural icons is that they can become too familiar to see clearly. We recognise the outline, the gesture, the costume or the defining moment. We know what the image means before we have considered what it conceals.

Carrie White is especially vulnerable to this process because her transformation is so visually dramatic. The shy girl becomes the agent of destruction; the victim becomes a source of terror; the person whose suffering was ignored becomes impossible to ignore. It is an irresistible cinematic reversal, and it has helped secure the character’s place in horror history.

But Carrie is not simply the blood-soaked figure at the centre of the prom massacre. She is the girl who does not understand what is happening to her body. She is the daughter who has been taught to fear herself. She is the teenager who wants to be accepted but has little experience of the trust that genuine acceptance requires. She is the young woman who briefly imagines that the world might be kinder than she has been led to believe.

Her tragedy lies partly in the distance between that hope and the violence that destroys it.

To focus exclusively on the massacre is to make the end of Carrie’s story more important than the life that precedes it. It allows us to admire the spectacle without confronting the accumulated failures that give it meaning. The more compelling response is to look backwards from the blood, tracing the chain of humiliations, abuses and missed opportunities that made catastrophe possible.

This does not mean treating Carrie as an innocent symbol without agency. Nor does it mean excusing her actions because she has suffered. It means recognising that a person can be both the victim of terrible cruelty and the source of terrible harm. The contradiction is precisely what makes her more than a convenient metaphor.

Carrie is not frightening because she proves that the bullied are secretly monsters. She is frightening because the distinction between the girl we pity and the force we fear cannot be separated as neatly as we might wish.

The girl beneath the icon deserves to be seen in all her vulnerability. The violence she unleashes must also be confronted without romanticisation. Any reading that abandons either side of that equation loses something essential.

The Carrie Effect

The cultural power of Carrie lies in its ability to generate different, sometimes conflicting responses. The story can be read as a portrait of religious repression, an indictment of bullying, a coming-of-age nightmare, a critique of social conformity or a tragedy about the destructive consequences of abuse. Its supernatural premise allows these concerns to erupt into spectacular violence, but the emotional foundations remain recognisably human.

The “Carrie effect” is not simply the influence of a famous horror film or the persistence of a memorable image. It is the way Carrie White has become a cultural shorthand through which we discuss humiliation, alienation and the moment a victim becomes dangerous. The character provides a powerful language for talking about the bullied outsider, but that language can also flatten the very complexities that make her story compelling.

When Carrie is reduced to a revenge icon, her tragedy becomes easier to consume. The blood becomes a symbol of empowerment; the massacre becomes a fantasy of reversal; the girl herself becomes secondary to the spectacle. Such interpretations are understandable, but they risk turning a story about the consequences of cruelty into a story that merely celebrates the consequences.

The deeper legacy of Carrie is more unsettling. It reminds us that the people we dismiss, ridicule or exclude do not cease to be human because we have made them outsiders. It exposes the danger of treating humiliation as entertainment and of allowing institutions to mistake the absence of visible consequences for the absence of harm. Most importantly, it challenges us to recognise suffering before it becomes a catastrophe that can no longer be ignored.

The story does not suggest that every bullied child will become violent, nor should Carrie be used to stigmatise vulnerable young people. Its horror depends on an extraordinary convergence of circumstances, including supernatural power. But the social failures that surround her are not supernatural at all. They are painfully recognisable, which is why the story continues to speak across generations.

Carrie has become an icon because we remember the moment she turns against the world that has rejected her. Her greater significance lies in the question that precedes that moment: what might have happened if somebody had truly seen her, listened to her and intervened?

That question has no spectacular answer. It offers no bucket of blood, no collapsing gymnasium and no final image through which suffering can be neatly contained. It asks only for the difficult, ordinary work of empathy and responsibility.

Perhaps that is why the question remains so uncomfortable.

The Prognosis: The Monster We Made

Half a century after Stephen King introduced Carrie White, she remains one of horror’s most enduring figures because she cannot be contained within a single role. She is a victim whose suffering demands recognition, a young woman whose rage becomes terrifying, and a tragic character whose destruction exposes the cruelty of the world around her.

Brian De Palma gave that tragedy an unforgettable visual form. The blood-soaked dress became an icon, the prom massacre a defining moment in horror cinema, and Carrie herself a character whose influence extends well beyond the boundaries of the original novel and film. Subsequent adaptations have continued to return to her, each attempting to negotiate the relationship between vulnerability, power and responsibility in its own way.

But the icon should never entirely replace the girl.

The revenge fantasy offers a seductive simplicity: the powerless become powerful, the cruel are punished and the world is forced to acknowledge the person it once dismissed. Carrie’s story refuses to deliver that satisfaction without exposing its terrible cost. Her suffering explains the shape of the tragedy, but it does not erase the horror of its conclusion.

The girl deserves our sympathy. The violence demands our fear. The tragedy requires us to hold both truths at once.

Carrie White has become a cultural icon because we cannot look away from the moment the bullied girl becomes a monster. Her lasting power, however, rests in the harder truth that the monster does not emerge from nowhere. She is shaped by a world that repeatedly fails to recognise her humanity until it is too late.

The blood on the dress is unforgettable. The real horror is everything that came before it.

  • Saul Muerte

CARRIE REBORN: The Girl, the Blood and the Burden of Empathy

11 Sunday Oct 2026

Posted by surgeons of horror in series review

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Alison Thornton, books, carrie, horror, mike flanagan, reviews, Samantha Sloyan, siena agudong, Stephen King, Summer H. Howell,

Mike Flanagan’s eight-part adaptation of Stephen King’s debut novel brings the horror of adolescence into the age of social media. It is a thoughtful, visually assured reimagining of a familiar nightmare, but in its determination to preserve Carrie White’s innocence, it ultimately compromises the tragedy that makes her story endure.

Series: Carrie
Created by: Mike Flanagan
Based on the novel by: Stephen King
Starring: Summer H. Howell, Samantha Sloyan, Siena Agudong, Alison Thornton, Thalia Dudek and Joel Oulette
Platform: Prime Video
Release date: 7 October 2026

The Girl Who Would Not Stay Buried

There are few horror stories as thoroughly embedded in popular culture as Stephen King’s Carrie. Since its publication in 1974, King’s debut novel has become a foundational text in the mythology of the bullied outsider, its imagery absorbed into the collective vocabulary of horror. The shower-room humiliation, the pig’s blood, the prom queen’s crown and the telekinetic fury of a teenage girl pushed beyond endurance have acquired lives of their own, reinforced by Brian De Palma’s celebrated 1976 adaptation. To revisit Carrie is therefore to confront not simply a familiar story, but a series of images whose cultural familiarity threatens to obscure the tragedy from which they emerged.

Mike Flanagan, one of contemporary horror’s most accomplished storytellers, approaches the material with an understanding that faithful reproduction is not necessarily the same as meaningful adaptation. His eight-part Prime Video series relocates King’s nightmare to a world in which social media has transformed the nature of teenage humiliation, where identities are curated for public consumption and the private boundaries that once offered some protection from cruelty have become increasingly porous. It is a modernisation that feels both natural and necessary, recognising that the mechanisms through which young people construct, negotiate and defend their identities have changed considerably since King first introduced Carrie White.

Flanagan is an especially compelling filmmaker for this undertaking. His work repeatedly demonstrates an ability to combine strong visual direction with emotionally attentive storytelling, drawing on the talents of a network of collaborators while maintaining a clear thematic sensibility. He understands that horror is not simply a matter of frightening images or supernatural spectacle. Its most enduring power emerges when the monstrous exposes something recognisably human: grief, repression, guilt, shame, religious fanaticism or the terrible consequences of refusing to acknowledge another person’s suffering.

That instinct serves Carrie well. The series is not content to reproduce the familiar sequence of abuse, humiliation and supernatural retaliation. It expands the social environment surrounding its protagonist, gives supporting characters more room to develop and explores the ways in which cruelty becomes embedded in the structures of everyday life. Yet its ambition eventually encounters a contradiction. In broadening Carrie’s world and attempting to preserve the possibility of a future for her, Flanagan alters the emotional architecture of the story. His Carrie is frequently perceptive, often affecting and unmistakably the work of a thoughtful horror storyteller. But when its tragedy reaches the point at which it must finally confront the consequences of its own construction, the series appears unwilling to follow through.

The Facade and the Girl Beneath It

At its heart, Carrie has always been a story about the distance between the person we are and the person the world permits us to become. Carrie White grows up in a household governed by Margaret’s religious extremism, where her body, desires and developing identity are treated as sources of shame. When she enters the outside world, she encounters a different system of judgement, one governed by popularity, appearance, social standing and the fragile currency of acceptance. The rules change, but the demand for conformity remains.

Flanagan’s contemporary setting sharpens this conflict by introducing social media as an extension of the social machinery that has always surrounded Carrie. Humiliation is no longer confined to the school corridor, the gymnasium or the whispered conversation. It can be recorded, circulated, reproduced and revived before an audience that may have no direct connection to the original event. A moment of vulnerability becomes a public identity, while the person at its centre loses control over the meaning of their own experience.

This is where the series demonstrates the strength of its modern perspective. Social media is not merely a technological update, a fashionable detail added to make King’s story more contemporary. It becomes an expression of the facades people construct around themselves and the social structures that sustain them. The online persona, the carefully managed reputation and the performance of belonging all depend upon an audience willing to accept the image being presented. When that image fractures, the consequences can be devastating.

For an adolescent, still negotiating the uncertain process of becoming an individual, the experience can be particularly destructive. Identity is never entirely private, but the pressure to perform it publicly has become an increasingly dominant feature of contemporary life. The individual is expected to present a coherent version of themselves while simultaneously negotiating the judgements, expectations and insecurities of everyone watching.

Carrie occupies the most vulnerable position within this system. She has been sheltered from the outside world, denied the knowledge and experience that might help her navigate it, and then exposed to a social environment in which ignorance and awkwardness become opportunities for humiliation. She is expected to understand rules she has never been taught, to conform to standards she has never been allowed to explore and to accept the judgement of people who have little interest in understanding her.

The series recognises the cruelty inherent in this arrangement. Its strongest moments arise when the social spectacle becomes inseparable from the private damage it inflicts, when the audience’s desire to watch and participate begins to resemble the behaviour of the people carrying out the humiliation itself. Flanagan understands that cruelty does not always require direct physical contact. Sometimes it is enough to make someone an object of public attention, then allow the machinery of social judgement to do the rest.

The horror of Carrie has always rested on the destruction of a fragile identity. Flanagan’s adaptation gives that destruction a contemporary vocabulary, demonstrating how the facades through which we negotiate the world can become instruments of our own vulnerability. The tragedy is that Carrie has so little opportunity to establish an identity of her own before other people begin defining her.

The Body Remembers

Beneath the modernisation lies the bodily horror that made King’s novel so potent. Carrie’s first period remains the essential starting point because it transforms an ordinary biological process into a crisis of identity. Her classmates turn a moment of vulnerability into public entertainment, while her mother’s religious teachings have left her without the knowledge required to understand what is happening. The incident establishes the central pattern of Carrie’s life: what should be an opportunity for care and education becomes an occasion for shame.

Menstruation, religious repression, sexuality and telekinetic violence are not separate concerns in King’s novel. They belong to a single thematic structure in which the developing female body becomes a battleground for competing systems of control. Carrie’s emerging powers give physical expression to feelings she has been taught to suppress. Her anger, fear and desire can no longer be contained within the private boundaries of the body; they become forces capable of transforming the world around her.

Flanagan understands the symbolic relationship between adolescence and the supernatural. Growing up involves discovering that the self is not always as manageable as one might wish. Emotions arrive before we possess the language or experience to understand them, while the desire for acceptance can make rejection feel like a judgement on our very existence. Carrie’s telekinesis literalises these tensions, transforming the ordinary turmoil of adolescence into an extraordinary and increasingly dangerous power.

Yet the series also raises a difficult question about the relationship between suffering and responsibility. Carrie’s anger is understandable, but the consequences of that anger cannot be reduced to the circumstances that produced it. The people who torment her are responsible for their cruelty, and the community that permits that cruelty cannot simply absolve itself when the consequences become visible. But Carrie is also more than a passive instrument of other people’s failures. Her suffering helps explain her actions without necessarily resolving their moral implications.

This distinction is central to the enduring power of the character. Carrie is neither an innocent angel nor an uncomplicated monster. She is a young woman whose suffering is real, whose rage is understandable and whose capacity for destruction remains horrifying. The tragedy emerges from the collision of these truths, not from the discovery of a single explanation that allows one to cancel out the others.

Summer H. Howell: The Vulnerability of Carrie White

Summer H. Howell provides the series with a compelling emotional centre. Her Carrie is curious about the world beyond her home, eager to establish connections and understandably overwhelmed by experiences that other teenagers take for granted. Howell captures the uncertainty of a young woman encountering unfamiliar social rules while carrying the accumulated damage of a childhood in which knowledge, independence and self-expression have been tightly restricted.

There is a sincerity to the performance that makes Carrie’s desire for ordinary experiences genuinely affecting. The prospect of friendship, the possibility of romance and the simple pleasure of being accepted acquire a significance that extends beyond the familiar coming-of-age narrative. For Carrie, these are not merely the expected milestones of adolescence. They represent the possibility of escaping the identity imposed upon her by her mother and the hostile community into which she has been thrust.

Howell also gives the character a recognisable emotional openness. Carrie wants to understand the people around her, even when she lacks the experience to interpret their intentions accurately. Her vulnerability is not simply a consequence of her isolation; it is also part of her willingness to believe that the world might offer something better than what she has known.

The difficulty is that the series sometimes places too much emphasis on preserving this innocence. Carrie’s awkwardness and vulnerability are essential, but her anger, resentment and capacity for cruelty are equally important. She is not simply a sweet, misunderstood girl waiting for the world to recognise her worth. She is a person developing under extraordinary pressure, denied the emotional resources that might otherwise help her understand herself.

Howell is more than capable of conveying this complexity. The limitation lies in the broader characterisation, which occasionally seems reluctant to allow Carrie’s darker impulses to exist without immediately placing them within a framework of victimisation. The more carefully the series establishes her innocence, the harder it becomes for the narrative to accommodate the moral ambiguity that should define her transformation.

A horror protagonist does not need to be morally admirable to be emotionally compelling. Indeed, some of the genre’s most disturbing characters are those whose suffering we understand completely, even as their actions become impossible to excuse. Carrie’s tragedy depends upon our ability to recognise both the girl who has been wronged and the terrifying consequences of what happens to her.

Margaret White: Love as Possession

Samantha Sloyan’s Margaret White is the other essential pillar of the series. Margaret is not merely a domineering parent but the architect of a private theology in which the body is sinful, desire is dangerous and obedience becomes the only acceptable expression of love. Her religious extremism transforms the domestic environment into a prison, sustained by the conviction that cruelty is justified when exercised in the service of moral purity.

The relationship between mother and daughter is horrifying because it confuses protection with possession. Margaret believes she is shielding Carrie from a corrupt world, yet her attempts to preserve her daughter’s innocence ensure that Carrie enters that world dangerously unprepared. The mother’s fear becomes the daughter’s ignorance; the mother’s shame becomes the daughter’s self-loathing.

Flanagan’s instinct for psychological complexity gives this relationship additional texture. He is interested in the histories, fears and destructive patterns that shape people, and he is rarely satisfied with reducing an antagonist to a collection of monstrous traits. That approach can be rewarding, particularly when it reveals the ways in which abuse and repression reproduce themselves across generations.

But understanding the origins of abuse is not the same as diminishing its reality. Margaret’s religious convictions are not simply an eccentric expression of anxiety. They constitute a system of domination through which Carrie is taught to regard her own body and desires as evidence of moral failure. The horror lies in the way Margaret’s need for control becomes inseparable from her understanding of love.

Sloyan brings an imposing intensity to the role, making Margaret a formidable presence within the domestic world of the series. The character’s significance extends beyond her treatment of Carrie, however. She represents a culture of shame in miniature, a figure who has internalised a destructive worldview so completely that she can no longer distinguish care from punishment.

The relationship is most disturbing when love, fear and control become indistinguishable. Margaret believes she is protecting her daughter, but the very methods through which she exercises that protection help create the catastrophe she fears. Her tragedy is not simply that she fails to understand Carrie. It is that her attempts to control her daughter make genuine understanding impossible.

The School as a Machine of Cruelty

Flanagan’s treatment of the school environment is another of the adaptation’s strengths. The students are not merely a collection of bullies waiting to torment Carrie; they inhabit a social ecosystem governed by status, performance and the need to establish one’s position within a group. Cruelty becomes a means of maintaining those hierarchies, while the public humiliation of an outsider reassures everyone else that their own position remains secure.

Alison Thornton’s Chris Hargensen occupies a particularly important place within this structure. Chris is shaped by status and resentment, her identity bound to the power she possesses within the school’s social hierarchy. The series attempts to explore the circumstances surrounding her behaviour without erasing the harm she causes. Siena Agudong’s Sue Snell and Joel Oulette’s Tommy Ross also help establish the social world into which Carrie is suddenly thrust, offering different perspectives on kindness, intervention and the possibility of acceptance.

The expanded cast gives Flanagan room to examine the ways in which ordinary social instincts become destructive when reinforced by a group. Some people actively inflict harm, others encourage it, and still others remain silent because intervention might threaten their own standing. The result is a community in which responsibility becomes conveniently diffuse. Everyone can identify someone more directly responsible, and almost everyone can find a reason why they should not be expected to act.

The online environment intensifies this problem. The person who shares a humiliating image may regard it as entertainment; the person who comments may claim merely to be participating in a conversation; the person who watches may insist that observation is not endorsement. The distinction between perpetrator and audience becomes increasingly unstable when attention itself rewards cruelty.

This is a sharp contemporary interpretation of King’s original social critique. Flanagan recognises that bullying is rarely sustained by a single individual. It depends upon the participation of those who benefit from it, those who tolerate it and those who convince themselves that its consequences are someone else’s responsibility.

At times, however, the series makes its commentary too explicit. Its social observations are most effective when they emerge through behaviour and consequence, allowing the audience to recognise the cruelty without being instructed how to interpret it. Horror loses some of its force when its moral implications are explained before its images have had time to settle.

King’s novel remains powerful partly because it trusts the reader to understand the social world that creates Carrie without requiring every character to articulate its meaning. The same principle applies here. The spectacle of humiliation should be enough to disturb us. Its significance does not always need to be underlined.

The Outsiders and the Shining

The most ambitious element of Flanagan’s adaptation is its expansion of Carrie’s supernatural world. By introducing other individuals with extraordinary abilities, the series connects Carrie to the wider mythology associated with King’s fiction, particularly the psychic phenomenon known as the Shine. The implication is that Carrie is not an isolated anomaly but part of a hidden world in which unusual abilities have long existed beyond public knowledge.

As world-building, the idea is intriguing. It gives Carrie’s powers a history and context beyond her immediate circumstances, while introducing questions about the people who might recognise, monitor or seek to influence those who possess such gifts. The mysterious outsiders create a new source of uncertainty, suggesting that Carrie’s abilities may attract attention from forces whose motivations extend well beyond the immediate conflict in Chamberlain.

For viewers familiar with King’s wider body of work, these connections offer an additional layer of interest. Flanagan has demonstrated a particular affection for the interrelated dimensions of King’s fictional universe, and the possibility of allowing seemingly separate supernatural stories to occupy a shared landscape is an understandable creative temptation. The outsiders provide the series with a larger horizon, opening possibilities that a more contained adaptation would necessarily leave unexplored.

Yet there is a distinction between expanding a fictional universe and expanding a tragedy.

As the series progresses, Carrie’s story becomes increasingly entangled with the interests of those who understand her abilities. The narrative shifts from the intimate relationship between Carrie and her immediate environment towards a broader supernatural framework in which she becomes a figure of interest to a hidden network of gifted individuals. Her powers are no longer simply the terrifying expression of a life shaped by repression and cruelty; they become evidence of a larger phenomenon, something to be investigated, managed or potentially recruited.

This shift is not inherently misguided. King’s fictional universe can accommodate inherited abilities, psychic connections and hidden organisations. The problem is what the series sacrifices to accommodate them. The more attention is devoted to the outsiders, the easier it becomes to imagine a future in which Carrie’s abilities might be explained, controlled or redirected. The supernatural mystery begins to promise a new adventure, while the personal tragedy that originally gave those abilities their meaning becomes less central.

The outsiders are intriguing precisely because they suggest that Carrie’s experience belongs to a much larger world. But the emotional power of Carrie has always depended upon the opposite proposition: that the entire catastrophe can be understood through the terrible intimacy of a young woman’s life. Margaret, the schoolchildren and the wider community do not simply provide the circumstances for a supernatural event. They create the emotional conditions through which that event becomes inevitable.

The expanded mythology offers a future for the franchise. It also threatens to distract from the devastating finality that gives Carrie’s story its meaning.

Eight Episodes and the Weight of Expansion

The eight-episode structure provides Flanagan with the opportunity to explore characters and relationships that a feature-length adaptation can only suggest. It allows the school to acquire a more complicated social texture, gives Carrie’s relationships room to develop and provides space for the supernatural elements to emerge gradually. Some of this expansion is productive, particularly when it deepens our understanding of the pressures surrounding Carrie.

Elsewhere, the narrative feels overextended. Supporting characters and additional mythology compete for attention, while the central trajectory becomes less immediate as the series broadens its scope. The question of how a vulnerable teenager might be driven towards catastrophe is repeatedly displaced by the demands of a larger narrative architecture.

Flanagan is clearly interested in the possibility that Carrie can sustain a mythology beyond the familiar tragedy. But an expanded world must earn its place within the story rather than simply provide a reason for the story to continue. The original narrative derives much of its force from its terrible inevitability. The domestic and social pressures accumulate until the prom becomes the point at which the unresolved tensions converge. As the narrative approaches that catastrophe, the audience should feel that the outcome has become both horrifying and unavoidable.

The series sometimes weakens that pressure by directing our attention elsewhere. The world grows larger, but Carrie herself risks becoming less central to it. What should be the culmination of her personal tragedy increasingly becomes the gateway to a wider supernatural conflict.

This is the underlying tension in Flanagan’s approach. His instinct for expansion allows him to explore the wider implications of King’s fictional world, but his desire to preserve Carrie’s future begins to alter the meaning of the narrative that brings her there. The problem is not simply that the series takes liberties with the source material. Adaptation requires such liberties. The problem is that the changes ultimately undermine the emotional logic of the story they are intended to expand.

The following section discusses major spoilers for the finale of Mike Flanagan’s Carrie.

Spoilers: The Tragedy That Never Arrives

The decisive departure comes at the end, when Flanagan refuses to allow Carrie’s story to conclude as the tragedy it has been building towards. In King’s novel, Carrie returns home after the destruction at the prom and confronts Margaret. Their final encounter culminates in Margaret’s death at Carrie’s own hands, before Carrie succumbs to her injuries. The conclusion offers no comforting escape from the accumulated consequences of the violence that has shaped her life. Carrie’s revenge cannot restore what has been taken from her, and her death denies the possibility that the catastrophe might become the beginning of a new life.

Flanagan changes the equation. Carrie survives the destruction and is taken away by Emaline, while Margaret also survives the collapse of the White household. Margaret is subsequently killed by Adelaide and the mysterious organisation surrounding her. The decisive act that ends the mother-daughter relationship is therefore removed from Carrie and transferred to an external force, while Carrie herself is allowed to escape the world that has tormented her.

I understand the narrative logic behind this decision. Flanagan is developing a larger supernatural mythology, and Carrie’s survival allows the series to move into that territory. The outsiders and their connection to the Shine become more than an intriguing subplot; they offer a possible future for the character and the fictional universe surrounding her. Carrie’s abilities become the beginning of a new journey rather than the force that ultimately consumes her.

There is also an evident desire to preserve Carrie as a person capable of moving beyond the circumstances that have defined her life. After the suffering she has endured, the possibility of escape can seem like an act of mercy. The series invites us to imagine that Carrie might finally discover a world in which she is understood rather than persecuted.

But this is where my admiration for Flanagan’s storytelling collides with my disappointment in his interpretation.

By allowing Carrie to survive, the series does more than change the ending. It changes the meaning of the story.

Carrie’s tragedy has never rested solely on the fact that she is bullied, abused or misunderstood. It lies in the terrible convergence of those experiences, the way they shape her emerging identity and the catastrophic point at which her suffering becomes inseparable from her capacity for destruction. Her death is not simply a punishment for her actions, nor is it an assertion that the world has defeated her. It is the final expression of a narrative in which the possibility of escape has been systematically destroyed.

The death of Margaret at Carrie’s own hands is equally important. Their relationship is the domestic heart of the nightmare, a bond in which love has been corrupted by fear, religious fanaticism and control. When Carrie kills her mother, the act becomes the ultimate rupture of that relationship. The daughter who has spent her life subjected to Margaret’s authority finally possesses the power to end it, but the liberation comes at an appalling cost. Carrie cannot simply step outside the system that has formed her. By the time she confronts Margaret, the violence that has shaped their relationship has become the language through which it is concluded.

Flanagan removes that finality. By transferring Margaret’s death to the outsiders, the series relocates the decisive act of destruction from the intimate relationship between mother and daughter to the machinery of its expanded mythology. Carrie no longer bears the same direct responsibility for the end of that relationship, while Emaline offers her a route out of the world that has defined her.

The effect is to fracture the narrative at precisely the moment when its accumulated tensions should converge.

This is not simply a question of fidelity to King’s plot. It concerns the relationship between cause and consequence that makes Carrie so disturbing. The series has spent eight episodes demonstrating how the people around Carrie contribute to her destruction, only to offer her an escape from the final consequences of that destruction. The narrative wants us to understand the horror of what has happened without requiring Carrie to remain inside it.

In doing so, the adaptation appears to preserve Carrie’s innocence at the expense of her agency. Her suffering is explained, her rage contextualised and her destructive potential increasingly mediated through the intervention of others. The final catastrophe becomes less a culmination of Carrie’s own tragic trajectory than a conflict in which she is caught between competing supernatural forces.

The irony is that Flanagan has already done the difficult work of making us understand her. Summer H. Howell gives Carrie a vulnerability and emotional sincerity that make her suffering immediate. The contemporary setting lends that suffering renewed relevance. The expanded cast and supernatural mythology provide intriguing possibilities. None of these elements requires Carrie to survive.

Indeed, her death might have made those elements more powerful. The wider world could remain, the outsiders could continue their work, and the existence of other gifted individuals could still be established. But Carrie herself would remain the centre of the tragedy, a young woman whose extraordinary abilities cannot save her from the consequences of the world that has formed her.

Instead, the series turns her survival into a promise. The nightmare becomes a beginning.

For some viewers, that may be an appealing act of reclamation. For me, it is the point at which the adaptation loses faith in its own tragedy. Carrie does not need to be condemned, and her suffering does not need to be treated as deserved. But neither does she need to be rescued from the ending that gives her story its devastating force.

Empathy should allow us to confront Carrie’s fate, not require the narrative to spare her from it.

The Flanagan Question

It is important to distinguish this criticism from a rejection of Flanagan’s wider approach to horror. I remain an admirer of his work, particularly his ability to combine emotionally intelligent characterisation with strong direction and a collaborative understanding of the medium. His best stories recognise that the supernatural is most compelling when it exposes the damage people inflict upon one another and the histories they carry into their relationships.

His Carrie is frequently successful because of that sensibility. It recognises the cruelty of online humiliation, the destructive power of religious repression and the ways in which a community can participate in violence while denying its own responsibility. It gives the familiar story a contemporary framework without losing sight of its central anxieties.

The difficulty is that empathy and tragedy are not opposing forces, and one does not require the elimination of the other. Understanding why someone becomes destructive does not mean that their actions cease to matter. Recognising the social conditions that produce violence does not absolve individuals of responsibility. Nor does a character’s suffering automatically entitle them to escape the consequences of their own story.

Flanagan’s instinct is to search for the humanity beneath monstrosity, and that instinct has produced some of modern horror’s most affecting work. But Carrie requires a particularly uncomfortable form of empathy. We must understand the girl without being protected from the monster; recognise the cruelty that creates her rage without losing sight of what that rage can become.

The story’s power lies in the absence of a single explanation that can contain it. Margaret’s abuse matters. The schoolchildren’s cruelty matters. The community’s indifference matters. Carrie’s own actions matter. The horror emerges from their convergence, not from the discovery of one definitive cause that allows every other factor to be arranged around it.

By offering Carrie a future, Flanagan introduces a possibility that is emotionally appealing but thematically disruptive. The series seems to suggest that if the circumstances surrounding Carrie can be understood, she might be removed from the tragic consequences those circumstances have produced. Yet the original story’s devastating force depends on the recognition that understanding arrives too late to undo the damage.

This is where a love of Flanagan’s work makes the criticism more meaningful, not less. The series demonstrates how much he understands about Carrie’s world, but its ending suggests a reluctance to accept what that understanding demands. He has created a compelling modern portrait of a girl whose identity is shaped by the facades, expectations and cruelties of others. He has shown us how those structures collapse, and how the people who helped build them attempt to escape responsibility.

What he ultimately seems unwilling to accept is that understanding Carrie does not require saving her.

The Prognosis: A Strong Reimagining, a Fractured Tragedy

Mike Flanagan’s Carrie is an ambitious and often intelligent reimagining of Stephen King’s debut novel. Its contemporary treatment of social media, public humiliation and the fragile facades through which we negotiate our identities gives the story renewed relevance. Summer H. Howell provides a compelling emotional centre, Samantha Sloyan makes Margaret a formidable presence, and the wider ensemble helps illuminate the social machinery that contributes to Carrie’s destruction.

The expanded supernatural mythology is intriguing, too. The outsiders and their connection to the Shine suggest a wider world of extraordinary abilities and hidden agendas, while the eight-episode structure gives Flanagan room to explore relationships and themes that a feature film could only imply. These are not insignificant achievements, and they demonstrate why he remains one of the most interesting storytellers working in horror.

My disappointment lies in the point where those ambitions begin to overwhelm the intimate tragedy at the centre of the material. By allowing Carrie to survive and transferring Margaret’s death to an external force, Flanagan changes the emotional contract of the story. The ending offers Carrie a future, but it weakens the terrible relationship between repression, revenge and consequence that has driven the narrative towards its conclusion.

I do not object to Flanagan reinterpreting King, nor do I believe that an adaptation must reproduce every event in its source material. The strongest adaptations discover something new within a familiar story. This series does precisely that in its examination of social media, public identity and the violence of collective judgement. But creative reinvention must still reckon with the meaning of the story being reinvented. Here, the determination to preserve Carrie’s innocence ultimately fractures the tragedy that should have brought her story to its most devastating conclusion.

The blood on the prom dress has never been the whole story. It is the visible consequence of years of shame, repression and cruelty, the moment when private suffering becomes public catastrophe. Flanagan understands the girl beneath the blood, and his series gives us compelling reasons to care about her. Yet the final act asks us to accept a future for Carrie at the expense of the very finality that makes her story so haunting.

I remain an admirer of Flanagan’s work, and this adaptation provides further evidence of his ability to reinterpret familiar material through a distinctly modern lens. But admiration does not require uncritical acceptance. Sometimes the most productive criticism comes from recognising the distance between what an artist does exceptionally well and the point at which a particular choice undermines those strengths.

The tragedy of Carrie is not simply that a monster must die. It is that a young woman is pushed towards becoming something monstrous, and that by the time the world recognises what it has done, the possibility of redemption has already been lost.

The girl deserves our sympathy. The monster deserves our fear. The tragedy requires us to hold both truths at once.

Flanagan has given us a compelling new Carrie, one that understands the world that creates her. But by refusing to let that tragedy finish, he leaves us with a less devastating conclusion.

The blood is familiar. The question is whether we still have the courage to look at the girl who spills it.

  • Saul Muerte

Maximum Overdrive (1986) at 40: When Stephen King Discovered That Writing and Directing Are Two Very Different Horrors

24 Friday Jul 2026

Posted by surgeons of horror in retrospective

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emilio estevez, Stephen King

Some horror films fail because they lack imagination.

Maximum Overdrive fails because it has too much.

Released in 1986 and directed by Stephen King in his one and only theatrical directing effort, the film occupies one of the strangest places in horror history. It is loud, excessive, wildly inconsistent and, at times, utterly baffling. It is also undeniably fascinating. Not because it succeeds. But because it represents one of horror’s greatest storytellers discovering that mastery of one creative discipline offers no guarantee of another.

Forty years later, Maximum Overdrive remains less a great horror film than an extraordinary case study in the difference between writing fear and directing it.

Every Stephen King Nightmare at Once

Adapted from King’s short story Trucks, the premise is delightfully absurd. As Earth passes through the tail of a mysterious comet, machines across the globe suddenly become sentient and begin turning against humanity. At an isolated truck stop, a small group of survivors find themselves besieged by everything from eighteen-wheelers to arcade machines, vending machines and lawnmowers. It is a premise that could only have emerged from Stephen King’s imagination.

King has always excelled at taking the ordinary and revealing the terror hidden beneath it.

Cars.

Dogs.

Hotels.

Laundry mangles.

Industrial machinery.

Everyday objects frequently become vessels for extraordinary horror. On the page, those ideas flourish because King’s greatest weapon has never been spectacle. It has been empathy. Readers spend time living inside his characters’ fears long before the monsters arrive. Cinema demands something different.

The Difference Between Storytelling and Filmmaking

Directing requires ruthless discipline. Every shot must serve rhythm. Every scene must build momentum. Every performance requires modulation. Maximum Overdrive rarely finds that balance.

Ideas spill across the screen with infectious enthusiasm but little restraint. Characters appear only to disappear moments later. Action sequences escalate without clear dramatic progression. Moments that should feel suspenseful instead become unintentionally comic through repetition and excess.

Ironically, King’s greatest strength as a novelist becomes one of the film’s greatest weaknesses. Novelists are encouraged to explore. Directors must choose. Maximum Overdrive often feels like watching every idea survive the editing process.

Rock ‘n’ Roll, Cocaine and the MTV Generation

No discussion of Maximum Overdrive can ignore its unmistakable 1980s identity. The opening blast of AC/DC immediately announces the film’s intentions. This is horror turned up to eleven. Everything is louder.

Faster.

Bigger.

The soundtrack propels the action with relentless energy, transforming scenes of mechanical destruction into something approaching a rock concert. It is gloriously excessive. It is also exhausting. The MTV generation had transformed filmmaking into an increasingly kinetic experience, and Maximum Overdrive embraces that philosophy wholeheartedly. Unfortunately, style frequently overwhelms suspense. Noise replaces tension. Movement replaces atmosphere. The result resembles an extended heavy metal music video punctuated by murderous appliances.

When the Machines Became the Characters

Perhaps the film’s greatest miscalculation lies in where it places its emotional investment. The trucks receive more personality than many of the humans. The infamous Green Goblin truck remains wonderfully iconic, while the machines themselves possess an anarchic charm that almost turns them into mischievous antagonists rather than terrifying ones.

The people, however, rarely receive enough development for audiences to become genuinely invested in their survival. King’s novels thrive because readers care deeply about ordinary people placed in extraordinary situations. Maximum Overdrive often reverses that equation. The extraordinary machines become the stars. The humans become incidental.

Failure Can Be Fascinating

Yet dismissing Maximum Overdrive as merely “bad” overlooks why it continues to attract audiences four decades later. There is something undeniably infectious about its complete lack of restraint.

The film never apologises for its absurdity. It commits wholeheartedly to every outrageous idea. A drinks machine fires cans like bullets. An electric carving knife attacks its owner. A soda machine becomes an instrument of death. Everyday technology suddenly declares war on humanity with gleeful abandon. Few films possess this level of creative confidence, even when that confidence proves misplaced. It becomes impossible not to admire the sheer conviction behind the chaos.

Stephen King’s Greatest Lesson

Stephen King has often spoken candidly about making Maximum Overdrive, famously attributing much of the production to excessive cocaine use. The anecdote has become almost as legendary as the film itself, but reducing Maximum Overdrive to that punchline overlooks a more interesting truth. The film taught King something invaluable.

He never directed another theatrical feature. Instead, he returned to what he understood better than almost anyone else. Storytelling. Sometimes recognising where your greatest talent lies is every bit as important as discovering it in the first place.

The Prognosis:

Maximum Overdrive is not Stephen King’s finest achievement.

It is chaotic.

Uneven.

Tonally erratic.

Often unintentionally hilarious.

Yet it remains irresistibly watchable precisely because of those flaws.

Rather than viewing it as a failed horror film, it is perhaps more rewarding to see it as a remarkable creative experiment—a celebrated novelist attempting to translate the limitless imagination of the written page into the rigid language of cinema. The experiment may not have succeeded. But it revealed something important.

Stephen King didn’t need to direct horror to become one of its defining voices.

He simply needed to keep writing.

And for that…

Perhaps Maximum Overdrive‘s greatest legacy isn’t what it became.

It’s what it convinced Stephen King never to become again.

  • Saul Muerte

Silver Bullet (1985) – Full Moon, Half Thrills: A retrospective

10 Friday Oct 2025

Posted by surgeons of horror in retrospective

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corey haim, everett mcgill, gary busey, lycanthrope, Stephen King, Werewolf

“It started in May. In a small town. And every month after that whenever the moon was full… it came back.”

Dig into the horror aisle at your local video store and you’ll find Silver Bullet, a werewolf yarn soaked in King mythology and slathered in small-town Americana. Directed by Daniel Attias, this 1985 adaptation of Stephen King’s novella Cycle of the Werewolf promises fur, fangs, and full moons—but only partially delivers the bite.

The sleepy town of Tarker’s Mills is rocked by a string of grisly murders. Whispers of a beast grow louder as the body count rises, and while most townsfolk hide indoors after dark, one brave boy in a souped-up motorised wheelchair dares to face the lurking horror head-on. The premise has all the makings of a great ‘80s creature feature, and with King himself penning the screenplay, the setup drips with lore and that unmistakable New England dread.

But here’s the rub: Silver Bullet is a film forever caught in the shadows. On one side, it wants to be a heartfelt coming-of-age tale, steeped in nostalgia. On the other, it reaches for werewolf horror glory. In the end, it struggles to rise above being a middle-of-the-road monster movie with more bark than bite. The creature effects—courtesy of Carlo Rambaldi—are clunky by modern eyes, and even back in ’85 they looked a little tame compared to the lycanthrope heavyweights of The Howling and An American Werewolf in London.

Still, there’s fun to be had. Corey Haim delivers a charming performance as Marty, the young hero on wheels, while Gary Busey goes full throttle as Uncle Red, equal parts lovable and unhinged. Their chemistry injects life into the otherwise plodding hunt for the beast. And that climax, when silver meets fur under the glow of the moon, has just enough punch to remind you why werewolf movies never go out of style.

Looking back four decades later, Silver Bullet is soaked in nostalgia, saturated in mythology, and baked in King. But it never quite breaks free to bask in the moonlight. It’s not the best werewolf movie of the ‘80s, not by a long shot—but for horror fans prowling the aisles in search of VHS-era chills, it’s still worth a late-night rental.


📼 Staff Pick!
“Stephen King writes it. Gary Busey chews it. A kid in a turbo wheelchair vs. a werewolf—how can you not at least take this home for the weekend?”

  • Saul Muerte

No Finish Line: The Long Walk Turns Minimalism into Masterpiece

22 Monday Sep 2025

Posted by surgeons of horror in Movie review

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film, francis lawrence, horror, Horror movies, movies, reviews, Stephen King, the long walk

Sometimes when we get caught up reviewing all these films, it’s easy – all too easy – to forget that
as with a painter staring at a blank canvas; a director, when given their brief, is staring at a multitude
of choices in which to tell the story they have written (or in the case of The Long Walk; been given) .
And this particular story is the brainchild of writing grand master Stephen King. So, no presh.
Also throw in the fact that it involves walking, a ton of it, and you might think this is a film for a
novice (too inexperienced to know that this is an extremely tough assignment) or a black belt
filmmaker. Someone who knows enough to know that a movie that’s about walking in the open air
gives you nowhere to go. No immediate cutaways, no car chases, no love scenes to dictate changes
in pace etc.
Heck even your coverage choices are limited by how stylised (or not) you want to go about filming
men walking. And walking. And walking.
So what do you do? Well, there are a few things this pic leans on, and we’ll talk about those in a bit.
But first – some much-needed context for the 0.08% of you who have clicked on this article not
knowing what this movie is about.
Set in a dystopian alternative reality (around 1970’s ish – although the exact time period is never
stated, so I’m going off the novel, which was written in 1979) you soon realise that The Hunger
Games (and King’s own The Running Man) owe a lot to this idea.
Which is, you get people to WILLINGLY go through a trial of fire to get some nebulous sense of
financial freedom, and freedom from bondage.
In this particular case, you walk. As in you collate at a starting line, get assigned a number and you
walk. There is no finish line. Last man standing (and it is all men in this story. Young men, one from
each State of the U.S. – so 50 in total) wins. And wins big. Both in terms of $ and a wish…
The rule is you DO NOT stop. Evah. If you do for more than a few seconds you are given a warning.
If you fall below 3 miles an hour you are given a warning. More than 3 warnings in an hour and you
are executed there and then by one of the volley of military personnel keeping pace with you.
Water and rudimentary rations are given to the walkers, which prolongs their agony if anything.
Because stopping to relieve yourself or sleeping is counted as a warning/shootable offence. Taking a
pebble out of your shoe, bad weather, incredibly steep inclines…. you’d be surprised just how many
things can impede a good walk when halting is not an option.
And that’s what this review will do right now to get the always insightful Chris Dawes to give his take
on the movie. Over to you Chris!


Ok. So. In my view there are two types of Stephen King adaptations – The genre defining classic (The
Shining, Green Mile, Shawshank) and Dreamcatcher.

The Long Walk is the former.
It’s incredible – they have managed to make a minimalist, mid budget film about a bunch of people
walking through middle America deeply engaging.
Even the moments that you can see coming hit you, and hit you hard.
Everyone in this film is acting the shit out of it in the best possible way – I reckon this will be the
breakout movie for a bunch of the next generations’ Oscar winners.
It’s the kind of film that sits with you when it is over.
And boy howdy, do I love a Mark Hamill heel turn – I genuinely hated his character in a way I have
not often hated a film bad guy. Fucker managed to out-Darth Darth.
Glorious. No notes.
See this movie.


So, as you can see – mixed emotions from Chris there.
I kid.
As he touched upon, the best weapon this movie had at its disposal was casting. One way to get
around a story that has limitations in terms of setting is to make sure your actors are world class for
the roles they have been chosen to play. And for this trek, the filmmakers have nailed it.
When all you have is dialogue interspersed with ratcheting tension with each death, it helps that the
baseline words come from Stephen King. But when those words are delivered by young actors who
themselves are clearly gifted craftsmen, then you have the luxury of letting this movie do all the
heavy lifting for you.
And the tone from the outset is thrown down by the only real female member of the cast – Judy
Greer.
Now well and truly in the mother character phase of her career, her heartbreak as she bids farewell
to her son at the starting line hits a perfect balance. Not over-wrought to put you off the film before
it’s even started, but 100% grounded in a reality you can buy into. Because at this point of the
movie you don’t know the rules of The Walk, but in a great example of show don’t tell, you know it
can’t be good. So from the get-go you are intrigued and a little bit tense – the exact sort of tone you
want at the start of a flick like this.
So. Writing and acting. That’s how you make a dangerously simple premise work. [Allow time for
the world’s biggest d’uh].
But another thing that played in favour of this film was its unapologetic refusal to look away. The
way these men die is graphic, and that’s the point. A bullet does horrendous damage to a human
body. Powered metal explodes through bone and tissue and it doesn’t care how you look
when it does, and this film makes sure you SEE that, in all its factually visceral detail.

And it’s not gratuitous either. But rather, the point. Because why would these men sign up for
something that has a 49 in 50 chance of killing you in a physically painful and undignified way?
Well – why would 12 districts send 2 young people each year to fight to the death for the
amusement of the rich masses?
And by extension… why would SO MANY people in a real-life election vote AGAINST their own best
interest?
Because the illusion those in power sell to those without is tantalising and intoxicating. It’s framed
in rules that THEY set, but if you play the game, you can be ONE OF THEM. One of US!
In this case, chances are 49 to 50 against, but the result is binary. It’s either yes, or it’s no. And most
of us think and feel – deep down – we are the lead character of our own story. And rules don’t apply
to lead characters! Lead characters stand out by going against the mainstream and beating the
odds. Lead characters are special and so are YOU! Despite something immutable as math saying
you’re not.
Plus changing an unfair status quo through revolution seems like a lot of hard work. Work that
mostly benefits those who come after you, as revolts usually kill a lot of instigators. Even successful
ones.
So why not choose a path that could immediately benefit YOU instead? Countless money AND a
wish?
So what if the odds are not in favour? If you want anything in life, anything that’s worth it, you gotta
work for it. Bleed for it.
Walk for it. Die for it.

The Prognosis:

Power is an illusion, but it doesn’t make it not real. And this film makes you feel that every step of
the way.
5 stars.

  • Antony Yee & Chris Dawes

Cat’s Eye at 40: Stephen King’s Underrated Anthology Still Scratches the Horror Itch

11 Friday Apr 2025

Posted by surgeons of horror in retrospective

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drew barrymore, horror anthology, james woods, lewis teague, Stephen King

By the mid-1980s, Stephen King had already become a powerhouse name in horror cinema, with adaptations of Carrie (1976), The Shining (1980), and Christine (1983) cementing his influence. Cat’s Eye (1985), directed by Lewis Teague, took a different approach by presenting a horror anthology linked by a wandering feline. While it may not reach the same heights as King’s most revered works, Cat’s Eye remains a solid genre effort, offering a mix of psychological tension, supernatural horror, and dark humour.

The film’s triptych of tales begins with “Quitters, Inc.,” starring James Woods as a desperate man who enrolls in a sinister program to quit smoking, only to find the methods more terrifying than expected. Woods delivers a strong performance, balancing paranoia with nervous energy, making his character’s predicament all the more gripping. The second story, “The Ledge,” follows Robert Hays as a gambler forced to traverse the narrow ledge of a high-rise building by a vengeful crime boss. This segment is packed with suspense and effectively utilises vertigo-inducing cinematography to heighten the tension.

The final segment, “General,” shifts into a more supernatural realm, with a young Drew Barrymore playing a girl tormented by a malevolent gnome that only her stray cat, General, seems to understand. Barrymore, fresh off E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Firestarter (1984), once again proves herself a strong child actor, giving the film a heart amid its more macabre elements. Her presence adds emotional weight to an otherwise whimsical horror entry, ensuring the audience remains invested in her fate.

Director Lewis Teague, who had previously helmed Cujo (1983), brings a polished visual style to Cat’s Eye, ensuring each segment has its own distinct atmosphere. While the stories vary in intensity, the film remains engaging throughout, aided by King’s darkly humorous and inventive storytelling. The anthology format allows for quick pacing, though it also means that not all segments leave a lasting impact.

The Prognosis:

As a whole, Cat’s Eye is a respectable entry in the pantheon of King adaptations, offering enough thrills and memorable performances to make it a worthwhile watch. While it may not be the most iconic of King’s cinematic ventures, its mix of psychological horror, dark comedy, and supernatural tension make it a unique entry in his filmography. Forty years later, it remains an enjoyable, if somewhat underrated, slice of 80s horror cinema.

  • Saul Muerte

The Mangler (1995) – Tobe Hooper’s Industrial Nightmare Turns 30

02 Sunday Mar 2025

Posted by surgeons of horror in retrospective

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Tags

robert englund, Stephen King, Ted Levine, tobe hooper

It has a CRUSH on you!
When an accident involving a folding machine at an old laundry happens, detective John Hunton investigates. As his investigation progresses, he begins to suspect the machine is possessed by a demon from Hell.

By 1995, director Tobe Hooper had long cemented his legacy in horror history with The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) and Poltergeist (1982), while Robert Englund had become an icon as Freddy Krueger. Their reunion in The Mangler—an adaptation of a lesser-known Stephen King short story—should have been an exciting horror event. Instead, it became one of the more peculiar and divisive entries in all their careers.

It’s not every day that a movie about a possessed industrial laundry press makes it to the big screen, but that’s exactly the kind of bizarre energy The Mangler brings. The film exists in a world of exaggerated performances, over-the-top set pieces, and a plot so ludicrous that it straddles the line between horror and dark comedy. Englund, buried under grotesque makeup as the sadistic factory owner Bill Gartley, chews the scenery with relish. Meanwhile, Ted Levine, fresh off The Silence of the Lambs, lends his gravelly, weary presence to the role of the skeptical detective who slowly realises that there may be supernatural forces at play.

Hooper leans into the absurdity, crafting a grimy, oppressive atmosphere that feels reminiscent of his early work, albeit with a more surreal, almost operatic quality. However, the film struggles with pacing and tone—moments of genuine horror are often undercut by unintentional comedy, making it an acquired taste even for die-hard horror fans. The practical effects and gore are commendable, but the story itself stretches believability to the breaking point, even for King’s standards.

Despite its many flaws, The Mangler has developed a small cult following over the years, thanks in part to its sheer audacity. While it never reached the heights of Hooper’s greatest works, it remains a fascinating oddity in ‘90s horror, a relic from a time when studios were still willing to gamble on the outlandish. For those willing to embrace its madness, it’s an entertaining, if deeply flawed, slice of supernatural horror.

  • Saul Muerte

The Monkey (2025) – A Misfire That Claps to Its Own Beat

01 Saturday Mar 2025

Posted by surgeons of horror in Movie review

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film, horror, Movie review, movies, osgood perkins, reviews, Stephen King, tatiana maslany, theo james

Osgood Perkins has built a reputation for moody, atmospheric horror (The Blackcoat’s Daughter, I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House), crafting eerie slow burns that settle under your skin. So it’s baffling that his adaptation of Stephen King’s The Monkey swings so wildly in the opposite direction, embracing an oddly comedic tone that is both its saving grace and its Achilles’ heel.

The film follows twin brothers who, after discovering a cursed wind-up monkey, become entangled in a series of grotesque and improbable deaths. Decades later, the sinister toy resurfaces, forcing the now-estranged siblings to confront their past—and the murderous primate—before its deadly rhythm consumes them completely.

As someone who was deeply impacted by King’s short story during my formative years, this adaptation feels like a tonal misstep. While Perkins injects moments of dry, almost absurd humour that occasionally land (I’ll admit, I chuckled more than once), the film never fully commits to either horror or comedy, leaving it feeling strangely weightless. The sense of dread that should accompany a tale about an unrelenting, supernatural force is missing, replaced with an offbeat energy that doesn’t quite fit.

Visually, The Monkey does retain some of Perkins’ signature flair. There are pockets of eerie imagery, particularly when the toy is in motion, its drum banging in ominous slow motion as its glassy eyes seem to bore into the characters’ souls. However, the film’s pacing stumbles between moody horror and slapstick absurdity, undercutting its tension just as it starts to build. Instead of letting the horror breathe, it often pivots to a joke or exaggerated reaction, as if second-guessing its own scares.

The performances do their best to sell the concept, with the lead actors committing to the madness, but there’s a disjointedness to the storytelling that prevents any real emotional weight from forming. Without a stronger anchor—whether it be a grounded sense of familial trauma or a truly nightmarish atmosphere—the film lacks the staying power of both Perkins’ previous work and King’s original story.

With The Monkey, Perkins seems to be playing against type, but instead of reinventing the demonic toy subgenre, he fumbles it. The film claps along to its own beat, but much like the monkey itself, the rhythm grows tiresome—thumping away long after the terror has worn off.

  • Saul Muerte

Salem’s Lot (2024): Fangs, but No Bite

18 Friday Oct 2024

Posted by surgeons of horror in Movie review

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alfre woodard, bill camp, film, Gary Dauberman, horror, lewis pullman, makenzie leigh, movies, pilou asbaek, Salem's Lot, salems lot, spencer treat clark, Stephen King, william sadler

When you hear Stephen King’s Salem’s Lot is getting a new adaptation, there’s an immediate buzz for horror fans. After all, the 1979 miniseries set a high bar with its chilling atmosphere, notable moments, and David Soul’s iconic portrayal of Ben Mears. Sadly, this latest version tries to sink its teeth into King’s vampiric tale but lacks the vitality to make a lasting impression.

Directed by Gary Dauberman (Annabelle Comes Home), the 2024 Salem’s Lot promises a fresh, modern take on King’s story of a small town overtaken by ancient evil. There are fleeting moments of intrigue that tease the potential of the film, scenes where the atmosphere and menace feel tangible. These moments, however, are not enough to redeem an adaptation that feels strangely bloodless for one of King’s most terrifying novels.

The film suffers from an inability to give its cast anything meaningful to work with, despite the rich source material. The ensemble is solid on paper, but in practice, none of the actors have enough depth to bring the story to life. Even with characters like Ben Mears (played by Lewis Pullman) and the sinister Straker (played by Bill Camp), there’s a frustrating lack of emotional resonance. The result is a series of performances that feel flat, as though the cast was given little to sink their teeth into—despite King’s novel offering plenty of opportunities for real emotional and psychological heft.

Visually, the film often falls into familiar traps, delivering dark, moody settings without offering much innovation. There are glimmers of suspense, but the scares never truly land. It feels like the film is playing it too safe, rather than embracing the gothic horror and creeping dread that made Salem’s Lot so beloved. What we get instead is a product that looks slick but lacks any real heart—a soul-less retread of familiar territory. (Yes, David Soul, pun intended.)

The biggest disappointment is how the adaptation squanders King’s brilliant narrative about small-town evil and the creeping rot of corruption. Rather than leaning into the novel’s rich themes and psychological terror, the film relies too heavily on surface-level spooks. It lacks the depth that made both King’s novel and the 1979 miniseries so enduring. The filmmakers seem content with a pale imitation of the original, rather than delivering something that truly bites.

The Prognosis:

Salem’s Lot (2024) is a missed opportunity. It does just enough to lure you in, but leaves you feeling unsatisfied, much like the pale, lifeless creatures it tries to evoke. For diehard fans of King’s work, it may hold some interest. For everyone else, it’s a lesson in how even the most powerful stories can end up feeling anemic when the right spark is missing.

A fitting metaphor for this latest entry: like a vampire with no blood to drain, it ultimately fails to live.

  • Saul Muerte

Movie review: The Boogeyman (2023)

20 Tuesday Jun 2023

Posted by surgeons of horror in Movie review

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chris messina, david dastmalchia, sophie thatcher, Stephen King, the boogeyman, vivien lyra blair

We need a name for a genre of horror that features a supernatural Macguffin that latches itself onto someone and puts them through hell, to the – and this can’t be underlined enough – disbelief of all
those around them.
In these films the outcome for the lead actor (or usually actress) is that they die. Or they “beat” the phantom thing only to be taken out in the coda, because these creatures are supernatural herpes.
You can put ém down, but they’ll always come back…
Anyway – we can cite a number of these movies, which I’ll leave Saul Muerte to fill out…

Gee, thanks Ant, I’m guessing from your description that you’re talking about Supernatural Horrors. In which case, here’s a bunch of descent ones… (SAUL)

  • The Orphanage (2007)
  • The Innkeepers (2011)
  • The Babadook (2014)
  • Under The Shadow (2016)
  • His House (2020)

… but suffice to say The Boogeyman is the latest iteration.
Based on the Stephen King short story of the same name, it follows the above formula to a tee, and so threatens to be a snooze fest of paint-by-numbers proportions. What it does – being an adaptation from the Master of Horror himself, and therefore makes total sense – is make it character focused. Which on paper straight away causes it to be better for the effort alone. Or it would be if it were not for a few irritating touchstone cliches that the film hits pretty hard (but more on that later).
The lead is Sadie Harper (Sophie Thatcher who played the young Regan in The Exorcist TV Series) – a teenage girl whose mother was killed in a car accident a year earlier.
Her father is a psychiatrist, Will (Chris Messina), who of course deals with the passing of his wife by NOT talking about it with his children, which equals cliché #1 – a psyche doc who is terrible at being a
psychologist to his own family.
Sadie has a younger sister – Sawyer (Viven Lyra Blair – Birdbox) – who can’t sleep at night without a nightlight (and is a bed wetter to boot) and of course is afraid of monsters lurking in her closet. (Although not enough to CLOSE the door and barricade it with a chair or anything… but kids are notorious non-planners).
So what happens to these Harpers? Well, the dad gets a visit from a clearly disturbed man wanting
to make a walk-in appointment – Lester Billings (David Dastmalchian – Boston Strangler) (has there EVAH been a more Stephen King sounding name than “Lester Billings”? :P). Lester tells Will his three children have died. The first from what would appear to be natural but tragic circumstance (SIDS) but the other two… not so much.
So of course, all eyes are now on him ala Kathleen Folbigg (for non-Aussie readers out there, please
feel free to Google) and poor Lester is at his wits end. Especially once he reveals that what he believes killed child 2 and 3 was… not of this world…
Once that’s done – Lester, now that he has served his story purpose – promptly kills himself (or DID
HE…..? Dun dun….blaaaaah!!!) and we are off to the races.
Because of course what’s really at play here is a demon like creature that is visible only in shadow. It
attacks you and makes you seem crazy as it’ll only present itself to victims it targets. After running
through Lester’s kids like a laxative through a colon, it soon finds the Harpers a delicious temptation because it likes to zero in on a family struck by natural tragedy (remember the mum?) since such
pain leaves them “vulnerable” (or sum such) and it wants to feed off their terror. I honestly may
have zoned out at that point, ‘cause when do they don’t do that?
Anyway, the stage is set, from small scares to bigger ones, as Sadie & Sawyer slowly believe the
creature is real …to finding out more about it….to fighting off the scepticism of all the disbelieving
side characters around them (including their dad. Natch).
And of course, we get The Plan to defeat the creature, followed by the inevitable climax as we see if
this film is one where the plan works, or doesn’t, or does, then doesn’t… (you know how the
variables go).
Sadie is ably played by Sophie Thatcher and Sawyer is excellently played by Vivien Lyra Blair.
Sadie has a best friend who is a pretty poor one as she aligns herself with a clique of nasty bullies
straight out of the mean-girl formula playbook, and Lester’s distraught wife provides the movie with
the monster exposition scenes that tell us (in vague terms) what it is, and what can be done to kill it.
Although just once it’d be nice for these sorts of films to break the format and have the demon
creature do its shit in front of cops and a news crew. That way a concerted effort can be made to
capture/kill it by more than a single exhausted & terrified protagonist.
Mind you, in this day & age, even if the media filmed such a creature half the world would instantly
brand it fake news.
Maybe that’s what a really smart Boogeyman would (& should) do? Attack its victim by first
confusing them, and then gaslighting them. Big time.

The Prognosis.

Starts slow. Starts cliched. Starts too hard. But you do stick around to see how it ends.

  • Antony Yee
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